Paterson: America's Silk City and Its Powerful Falls

In northern New Jersey, a roaring waterfall spills over high basalt cliffs into the Passaic River. This spectacular natural feature is the Paterson Great Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in the United States. Long ago, Native Americans lived near these rushing waters, but in the late 1700s, a famous leader named Alexander Hamilton saw something else in the powerful waterfall: the potential to power an entire nation's manufacturing.

At that time, the United States was a brand-new country. Most goods, such as tools, clothing, and machinery, were imported from European nations. Alexander Hamilton believed that to be truly independent, America needed to manufacture its own goods. In 1791, he helped found the city of Paterson right next to the Great Falls. Paterson became America's first planned industrial city, designed specifically to harness water power for factories.

Engineers built a clever system of raceways, which were human-made water channels. These raceways diverted water from the Passaic River above the falls and guided it toward factories. As the rushing water flowed through the channels, it turned giant waterwheels and water turbines. This movement generated mechanical energy, powering heavy machines without the need for electricity, which had not been invented yet. Soon, Paterson was producing cotton textiles, steam locomotives, and iron goods.