The Virgin River in Zion Canyon

From the floor of Zion Canyon, the cliffs seem to climb toward the sky. Far below their red and cream-colored walls, the Virgin River winds past trees and rocks in Zion National Park, Utah. This river is small compared with the towering canyon, but its moving water has played a huge role in shaping the landscape.

Millions of years ago, layers of sand formed sandstone, the rock that makes up many of Zion’s cliffs. Later, the land rose, giving streams steeper paths to follow. Over a very long time, the Virgin River and its branches cut down through the rock. Sand and stones carried by the water scraped the riverbed, wearing it away. As the river cut deeper, the canyon grew deeper too.

Water also shapes the canyon in sudden bursts. After heavy rain, a flash flood can send a powerful rush of water through narrow spaces. Floodwaters can carry mud, rocks, and fallen trees downstream. Even when the sky overhead is clear, rain far away can cause water levels to rise quickly.

Along the riverbanks, cottonwood trees spread their branches above the water. Their roots can reach moisture that is scarce on the dry slopes nearby. Willows also grow near the river, providing shelter for birds and other animals. In fall, cottonwood leaves turn yellow against the colorful cliffs.

The river continues to change Zion Canyon today, carrying bits of rock downstream and nourishing plants along its banks. Its winding path connects the towering cliffs, the green trees, and the living things that depend on its water.